Game file corruption – As a lot of Steam users are reporting, you can also expect to see this issue due to some kind of corruption that is affecting the local installation of Starbound.Several affected users have reported that the issue was finally resolved after they have successfully updated their graphical drivers to the latest version available.
Since you cannot get to the main menu in order to disable this feature, you can only resolve this problem by modifying the main config file of Starbound (nfig) in order to force Vsync to stay Disabled. More specifically, when this graphical feature is enabled on a low-end PC configuration, the game might refuse to launch.